Alvarez XA, Cacabelos R, Sampedro C, et al. Efficacy and safety of Cerebrolysin in moderate to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial investigating three dosages of Cerebrolysin. Eur J Neurol. 2010;18(1):59-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03092.x. Accessed 15 Mar 2011. PMID: 20500802
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias of late life. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 May;154(Suppl 5):001-39. PMID: 9140238
Black SE, Doody R, Li H, et al. Donepezil preserves cognition and global function in patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007 Jul;69(5):459-469. PMID: 17664405
Bain LJ. A review of the "State of the Art" on mild cognitive impairment: the fourth annual symposium. Alzheimers Dement. 2006 Jul;2(3):246-256. PMID: 19595894
Corey-Bloom J. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Int J Clin Pract. 2003 Apr;57(3):219-223. PMID: 12723727
Delagarza VW. Pharmacologic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Oct;68(7):1365-1372. PMID: 14567491
Cummings JL. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in clinical practice: evidence-based recommendations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;11(2):131-145. PMID: 12611743
Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, et al. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 May;56(9):1154-1166. PMID: 11342679
Douglas S, James I, Ballard C. Non-pharmacological interventions in dementia. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2004;10:171-179
Farlow MR, Small GW, Quarg P, Krause A. Efficacy of rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease patients with rapid disease progression: results of a meta-analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;20:192-197. PMID: 16088144
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW, et al. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther. 2003 Jun;25(6):1765-1782. PMID: 12860497
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Apr;359(9314):1283-1290. PMID: 11965273
Gauthier S, Herrmann N, Ferreri F, et al. Use of memantine to treat Alzheimer's disease. CMAJ. 2006 Aug;175(5):501-502. PMID: 16940271
Hort J, O’Brien JT, Gainotti G, et al. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1236-1248. doi: 10.111/j.1468-1331.2010.03040.x. PMID: 20831773
Flicker L, Grimley Evans J. Piracetam for dementia or cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(1)
Ihl R, Bachinskaya N, Korczyn A, et al. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;26(11):1186-1194. doi: 10.1002/gps.2662. PMID: 21140383
Ihl R, Frolich L, Winblad B, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;12(1):002-32. PMID: 21288069
Isaac MG, Quinn R, Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;4:CD002854. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002854. PMID: 11034775
Lanctot KL, Hermann N, Yau KK, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2003 Sep;169(6):557-564. PMID: 12975222
Kasper S, Schubert H. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in the treatment of dementia: evidence of efficacy and tolerability. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2009 Sep;77(9):494-506. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1109504. Accessed 04 Apr 2011. PMID: 19621278
Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, et al. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 May;56(9):1143-1153. PMID: 11342678
Lippa CF, Duda JE, Grossman H, et al. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology. 2007 Mar;68(11):812-819. PMID: 17353469
Mayeux R, Sano M. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999 Nov;341(22):1670-1679. PMID: 10572156
Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, et al. Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 May;56(9):1133-1142. PMID: 11342677
Roman GC. Rivastigmine for subcortical vascular dementia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2005 May;5(3):309-313. PMID: 15938663
Wei ZH, He QB, Wang H, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of nootropic agent Cerebrolysin in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [abstract]. J Neural Transm. 2007;114(5):629-634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed 15 Mar 2011. PMID: 17318304
Plosker GL, Gauthier S. Cerebrolysin: a review of its use in dementia [abstract]. Drugs & Aging. 2009 Nov;26(11):893-915. doi: 10.2165/11203320-000000000-00000. Accessed 15 Mar 2011. PMID: 19848437
Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Doppler E, et al. Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Jun;117(6):699-712. PMID: 19252918
Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C, et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2010 Mar;10(14):001-12. http://www.biomedcentral.com. Accessed 04 Apr 2011. PMID: 20236541
Kuljis R. Alzheimer disease. eMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com. 2007.
Ministry of Health Singapore. Clinical practice guidelines: dementia. MOH (Singapore). http://www.moh.gov.sg. 2007. Accessed 15 Mar 2011.
Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, Ministry of Health of Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines for management of dementia. Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. Jun 2003.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. National Clinical Practice guideline No. 42. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. 2007. Accessed 15 Mar 2011.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine (review) and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Review of NICE technology appraisal guidance 111. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. Sep 2007.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. National Clinical Practice guideline No. 42. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. 2011. Accessed 05 Apr 2011.
American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch: practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias of late life. Psychiatryonline. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Apr 2006.
Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation. New concerns raised about vitamin E and Alzheimer’s. http://www.alzinfo.org. 29 Nov 2004.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with dementia: national clinical guideline. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk. Feb 2006.
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias [2nd ed]. Psychiatryonline. http://www.psychiatryonline.com. Oct 2007. Accessed 15 Mar 2011.
Rabins P, Rovner B, Rummans T, et al. Guideline watch (October 2014): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Psychiatryonline. http://psychiatryonline.org. Oct 2014. Accessed 18 Aug 2015.
The Hong Kong Geriatrics Society. Treatment guideline and practical tips in using cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist. In: Wai AYT. Practical Manual of Neurocognitive Disorders in Older Adults; 2014 Jun:162-167.
Prince M, Wilmo A, Guerchet M, et al. World Alzheimer Report 2015 - the global Impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. Alzheimer’s Disease International. http://www.alz.co.uk. 2015. Accessed 26 Apr 2017.
Keene CD, Montine TJ, Kuller LH. Epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jan 2018. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines. WHO. https://www.who.int. 2019. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Farlow MR. Clinical features and diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Aug 2017. Accessed 12 Apr 2021.
Larson EB. Evaluation of cognitive impairment and dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. May 2019. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Press D, Alexander M. Treatment of dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jan 2018. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Press D, Alexander M. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Nov 2018. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Wolk DA, Dickerson BC. Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Nov 2018. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius TSD, et al. Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2018 Jan;90(3):126-135. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826. PMID: 29282327
Academy of Medicine Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Management of dementia (2nd edition). Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. 2009. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Cognitive Decline Partnership Centre. Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia. Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines. http://www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au. 2016.
Epperly T, Dunay MA, Boice JL. Alzheimer disease: Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for cognitive and functional symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jun;95(12):771-778. PMID: 28671413
Farlow MR, Small GW, Quarg P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in Alzheimer’s disease patients with rapid disease progression: results of a meta-analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;20(2-3):192-197. doi: 10.1159/000087301. Accessed 19 Jun 2019. PMID: 16088144
Larson EB. Risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2017. Accessed 10 Jun 2019.
Lorentz WJ, Scanlan JM, Borson S. Brief screening tests for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;47(8):723-733. doi: 10.1177/070674370204700803. PMID: 12420650
Ministry of Health Singapore. Dementia: MOH clinical practice guidelines 1/2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. http://www. moh.gov.sg. Apr 2013. Accessed 19 Jun 2019.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. NICE technology appraisal guidance 217. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. Mar 2011. Accessed 19 Jun 2019.
Peterson R, Graff-Radford J. Alzheimer disease and other dementias. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, et al. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-28783-8.00095-8. :1380-1421.
Press D, Alexander M. Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Mar 2018. Accessed 19 Jun 2019.
Qui C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2):111-128. PMID: 19585947
Reese TR, Thiel DJ, Cocker KE. Behavioral disorders in dementia: appropriate nondrug interventions and antipsychotic use. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Aug;94(4):276-282. PMID: 27548592
Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Eyler AE, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May;173(5):543-546. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.173501. PMID: 27133416
Sorbi S, Hort J, Erkinjuntti T, et al. EFNS-ENS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of disorders associated with dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Sep;19(9):1159-1179. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03784.x. PMID: 22891773
Frederiksen KS, Cooper C, Frisoni GB, et al. A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;0:1-16. doi: 10.1111/ene.14412.
Ismail Z, Black SE, Camicioli R, et al. Recommendations of the 5th Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2020;16:1182-1195. doi: 10.1002/alz.12105. Accessed 17 Nov 2020
Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020 Aug;396(10248):10248. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. PMID: 32738937
Smith E, Wright CB. Etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of vascular dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 17 Nov 2020.
Winslow BT, Onysko MK, Stob CM , et al. Treatment of Alzheimer disease. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jun;83(12):1403-1412. PMID: 21671540
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Parkinson’s disease in adults. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/. 19 Jul 2017. Accessed 12 Apr 2021.
Engelhardt E, Tocquer C, Andre C, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria and supplementary exams. Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology. Part I. Dement Neuropsychol. 2011 Dec;5(4):251-263. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642011DN05040003. PMID: 29213752
Farlow MR. Prognosis and treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 15 Apr 2020.
Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Aug;30(3):421-442. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001. Accessed 12 Apr 2021. PMID: 25037289
Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of the Alzheimer’s continuum: update. Free Neuropathology. 2020 Nov;1:32. doi: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2020-3050. Accessed 12 Apr 2021
McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2017 Jul;89(1):88-100. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058. Accessed 12 Apr 2021. PMID: 28592453
McVeigh C, Passmore P. Vascular dementia: prevention and treatment. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(3):229-235. doi: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.229. PMID: 18046875
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Dementia: assessment, management and
support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk/. 20 Jun 2018.
Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment: epidemiology, pathology, and clinical assessment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 10 Dec 2020. Accessed 12 Apr 2021.
Roberson ED, Hesse JH, Rose KD, et al. Frontotemporal dementia progresses to death faster than
Alzheimer Disease. Neurology. 2005 Sep;65(5):719-725. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000173837.82820.9f. Accessed 12 Apr 2021. PMID: 16157905
Smith EE, Barbar P, Field TS, et al. Canadian Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of
Dementia (CCCDTD)5: guidelines for management of vascular cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement (NY). 2020 Nov;6(1):e12056. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12056. Accessed 12 Apr 2021. PMID: 33209971
World Health Organization. Dementia. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 21 Sep 2020.
Neikrug AB, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep-wake disturbances and sleep disturbances in patients with dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 24 Mar 2021.
Press D, Alexander M. Prevention of dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 07 Jan 2020.
Shaji KS, Sivakumar PT, Rao GP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for management of dementia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;60(Suppl 3):S312-S328. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.224472. PMID: 29535467
Smith E, Wright CB. Treatment of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 21 Jul 2020.
Tripathi M, Vibha D. Reversible dementias. Indian J Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;51(Suppl 1):S52-S55. PMID: 21416018
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval for Alzheimer’s disease treatment [Internet]. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov/. 2023 Jan 06.
Meshkini M, Meshkini A, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Use of neuroprotective agents for traumatic brain injury. Traumatic Brain Injury - Neurobiology, Diagnosis and Treatment: IntechOpen; 2019 Sep. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.85720.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval for Alzheimer’s drug [Internet]. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov/. 07 Jun 2021.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA approves first drug to treat agitation symptoms associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease [Internet]. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov/. 11 May 2023.
Wolk DA, Dickerson BC. Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 08 Oct 2021.
Hoerr R, Zimmermann A, Seitz F, et al. Single and repeated doses of EGb 761® do not affect pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy subjects. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr;13:868843. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.868843. PMID: 35517810
Kloft C, Hoerr R. EGb 761® does not affect blood coagulation and bleeding time in patients with probable Alzheimer's dementia-secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Dec;9(12):1678. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9121678. PMID: 34946404
Wolf HR. Does Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 provide additional effects on coagulation and bleeding when added to acetylsalicylic acid 500 mg daily? Drugs R D. 2006;7(3):163-172. doi: 10.2165/00126839-200607030-00003. PMID: 16752942
