T2DM incidence rising among children

Increasing numbers of younger people are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) recently and this is a worrying phenomenon, said consultant endocrinologist Dr Teoh Wei Leng. “I diagnosed a 17-year-old recently, with childhood obesity and a strong family history of diabetes. Our pediatric endocrinologists are seeing type 2 diabetes in children, which was never the case before,” said Teoh.

Overall, the prevalence of diabetes—T2DM being the most common type—among Malaysians aged 18 years and above has been steadily increasing as shown in the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) in 2011, 2015 and 2019. The prevalence was 11.2 percent in 2011, 13.4 percent in 2015, and 18.3 percent in 2019. [https://iku.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/Report_NHMS2019-NCD_v2.pdf. Accessed on 9 November 2023] Frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue are classic signs of T2DM. When patients present with these symptoms, their blood glucose levels should be promptly checked.

Although genetic predisposition does play a role, lifestyle choices significantly contribute to T2DM, said Teoh. Poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyles, and obesity are prominent triggers of T2DM. Education and awareness in terms of healthy food choices in childhood are important to establish healthy lifelong eating habits with the ultimate aim of stemming the rise of obesity, said Teoh.

Teoh said the importance of a balanced lifestyle should be highlighted to the population. Healthy eating and regular exercise are paramount. Sustainable and nutritious food choices instead of extreme diets, are advisable. Small changes in daily habits can lead to significant overall health improvements. For example, reducing eating out or takeaways from four times to once a week. A balanced diet that includes whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables and combined with regular exercise—even a brisk walk every day—can make a substantial difference, said Teoh.

One of the challenges in managing diabetes is the prevalence of myths and misconceptions among patients. Teoh is quick to dispel these misconceptions, especially regarding medication. A common misconception is that diabetes medications harm the kidneys. In reality, uncontrolled diabetes can lead to kidney damage, she said. Another myth that may be believed by patients is that if they do not have family history of T2DM, they will not develop T2DM. Although family history is not present, poor lifestyle choices can still increase the risk for T2DM, said Teoh.

On treatment options, Teoh shared the growing advancements in diabetes treatment and management. “We have seen remarkable progress in diabetes management. From innovative medications to continuous glucose monitoring systems, there are various tools available. However, personalized care that fits a patient’s needs or lifestyle and patient education remain the cornerstones of effective treatment,” said Teoh.

In conclusion, Teoh said managing T2DM is a challenge, but it is a challenge that can be met with awareness, education, and collective efforts. “With the right knowledge and support, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives. It can be done with a holistic approach that includes understanding the condition, making informed choices, and having compassion,” said Teoh.