Cushing's Syndrome References

Last updated: 11 November 2024
Reviewed by
  1. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5593-5602. PMID: 14671138
  2. Boscaro M, Barzon L, Fallo F, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2001 Mar;357(9258):783-791. PMID: 11253984
  3. Newell-Prince J, Grossman A. Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 1999 Jun;353(9170):2087-2088. PMID: 10382687
  4. Findling JW, Raff H. Screening and diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):385-402. PMID: 15850849
  5. Kirk LF, Hash RB, Katner HP, et al. Cushing's disease: clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Sep;62(5):1119-1134. PMID: 10997535
  6. Findling JW, Raff H. Cushing's syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;91(10):3746-3753. PMID: 16868050
  7. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-1540. PMID: 18334580
  8. Nieman LK, Ilias I. Evaluation and treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Am J Med. 2005 Dec;118(12):1340-1346. PMID: 16378774
  9. Orth DN. Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar;332(12):791-803. PMID: 7862184
  10. Pivonello R, De Martino M, De Leo M, et al. Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):135-149. PMID: 18226734
  11. Thorner MO, Besser GM. Cushing's syndrome. Comprehensive Clinical Endocrinology. 3rd. London: Mosby; 2002.
  12. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Endocrinology/15/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Endocrinology.xml
  13. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Pediatrics/33/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Pediatrics.xml
  14. Adler GK. Cushing Syndrome. eMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com/. Jan 2008.
  15. National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS). Information on endocrine and metabolic diseases: Cushing's syndrome. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/. Jul 2008.
  16. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2807-2831. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1818. Accessed 01 Apr 2016. PMID: 26222757
  17. Almeida MQ, Lodish M, Stratakis, CA. Cushing's syndrome. In: Kellerman RD, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2018. Philadelphia: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2018. Accessed 28 Nov 2018:261-266.
  18. Nelson P, Gossain VV. AACE module on Cushing’s syndrome. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. https://www.aace.com. Accessed 28 Nov 2018.
  19. Nieman LK. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jan 2017. Accessed 28 Nov 2018.
  20. Nieman LK. Establishing diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Sep 2017.
  21. Valassi E, Franz H, Brue T, et al. Diagnostic tests for Cushing’s syndrome differ from published guidelines: data from European Registry on Cushing’s Syndrome (ERCUSYN). Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 May;176(5):613-624. doi: 10.1530/EJE-16-0967. PMID: 28377460
  22. Adrenal Insufficiency Coalition; Adrenal Insufficiency United. Glucocorticoid tapering and adrenal suppression testing guide. Adrenal Insufficiency United. https://aiunited.org. Sep 2016. Accessed 11 Jul 2019.
  23. Furst DE, Saag KG. Glucocorticoid withdrawal. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2017. Accessed 15 Jul 2019.
  24. Hopkins RL, Leinung MC. Exogenous Cushing’s syndrome and glucocorticoid withdrawal. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):371-384. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.013. PMID: 15850848
  25. Lacroix A. Dexamethasone suppression tests. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Sep 2017.
  26. Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, et al. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013 Aug;9(1):30. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-9-30. Accessed 11 Jul 2019. PMID: 23947590
  27. Lonser RR, Nieman L, Oldfield EH. Cushing’s disease: pathobiology, diagnosis and management. J Neurosurg. 2017 Feb;126(2):404-417. doi: 10.3171/2016.1.JNS152119. PMID: 27104844
  28. Nieman LK. Establishing the cause of Cushing’s syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Sep 2017.
  29. Nieman L. Recent updates on the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jun;33(2):139-146. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.139. PMID: 29947171
  30. Stewart PM, Newell-Price JDC. The adrenal cortex. In: Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen P, et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2016. 489-555. :489-555.
  31. Wagner-Bartak NA, Baiomy A, Habra MA, et al. Cushing syndrome: diagnostic workup and imaging features, with clinical and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017 Jul;209(1):10-32. doi: 10.2214/AJR.16.17290. PMID: 28639924
  32. Zoorob RJ, Cender D. A different look at corticosteroids. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Aug;58(2):443-450. PMID: 9713398
  33. Niemann L. Medical therapy of hypercortisolism (Cushing’s syndrome). UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 29 Jun 2020.
  34. Niemann L. Overview of the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 30 Oct 2019.
  35. Chaudhry HS, Singh G. Cushing Syndrome. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470218/. 26 Jun 2023.
  36. Ferri F. Cushing disease and syndrome. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. 01 Jan 2024.
  37. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: A guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-875. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00235-7. PMID: 34687601
  38. Nieman L. Establishing the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 28 Jun 2023.
  39. Nieman L. Medical therapy of hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome). UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 29 Aug 2022.
  40. Nieman L. Overview of the treatment of Cushing syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 May 2023.
  41. Nieman L. Establishing the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 28 Jun 2023. Accessed 19 Jun 2024.
  42. Nieman L. Establishing the cause of Cushing syndrome. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 26 Jun 2023. Accessed 26 Jun 2023.
  43. Nieman L, Raff H. Laboratory assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function . UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 02 Apr 2024. Accessed 19 Jun 2024.