Diarrhea in Adults - Infectious References

Last updated: 12 November 2024
Reviewed by
  1. Adachi JA, Ericsson CD, Jiang ZD, et al. Azithromycin found to be comparable to levofloxacin for the treatment of US traveler with acute diarrhea acquired in Mexico. Sep 30, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Nov;37(9):1165-1171. doi: 10.1086/378746. PMID: 14557959
  2. Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for traveler's diarrhea. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2004 Sep;46(1191):74-75. PMID: 15365508
  3. Diemert DJ. Prevention and self-treatment of travelers' diarrhea. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2002 Dec;29(4):843-855. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12687896. PMID: 12687896
  4. Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Feb;32(3):331-350. doi: 10.1086/318514. PMID: 11170940
  5. Manatsathit S, DuPont HL, Farthing M, et al. Guideline for the management of acute diarrhea in adults [working party report]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Feb;17:S54-S71. PMID: 12000594
  6. Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD, et al. The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;43(12):1499-1539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. PMID: 17109284
  7. Shlim DR. Update in traveler's diarrhea. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Mar;19(1):137-149. PMID: 15701551
  8. Ryan ET, Kain KC. Health advice and immunizations for travelers. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun;342(23):1716-1725. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200006083422306. PMID: 10841875
  9. Thielman NM, Guerrant RL. Clinical practice: acute infectious diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan;350(1):38-47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID: 14702426
  10. Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, et al. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 35th ed. Hyde Park (VT): Antimicrobial Therapy Inc; 2005.
  11. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Gastroenterology/17/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Gastroenterology.xml
  12. World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Global Guidelines. Acute diarrhea in adults and children: a global perspective. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org. Feb 2012. Accessed 07 Aug 2013.
  13. Wanke CA. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in developed countries. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Jun 2013. Accessed 07 Aug 2013.
  14. Butterton JR. Approach to the patient with Vibrio cholerae infection. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/index. 27 Oct 2004. Accessed 05 May 2005.
  15. LaRocque R, Pietroni M. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in developing countries. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. Sep 2012. Accessed 07 Aug 2013.
  16. Diskin A. Gastroenteritis. eMedicine. http://www.emedicine.medscape.com. 15 Jan 2008. Accessed 01 Sep 2009.
  17. Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee of British Columbia. Infectious diarrhea – guideline for ordering stool specimen. British Columbia Ministry of Health Services. http://www.bcguidelines.ca. Accessed 16 Mar 2009.
  18. Wanke C. Travelers' diarrhea. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/index. 04 Oct 2004. Accessed 05 May 2005.
  19. Connor BA. Traveler’s diarrhea. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). http://wwwn.cdc.gov. 24 Jun 2019. Accessed 31 Jul 2019.
  20. Connor BA. Traveler's diarrhea. CDC. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/. 2014. Accessed 01 Sep 2009.
  21. World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Global Guidelines. WGO practice guideline: acute diarrhea. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org. Mar 2008. Accessed 01 Sep 2009.
  22. DuPont HL. Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr;370(16):1532-1540. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1301069. Accessed 03 Oct 2014. PMID: 24738670
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. http://www.bt.cdc.gov. 31 Jul 2014.
  24. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. National antibiotic guideline 2014, 2nd edition. Pharmaceutical Services Divisions, MOH Malaysia. http://www.pharmacy.gov.my. Dec 2014. Accessed 16 Jul 2015.
  25. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-622. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.126. Accessed 24 Oct 2016. PMID: 27068718
  26. Agha R, Goldberg MB. Shigella infection: treatment and prevention in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2019. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
  27. Allos BM. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Campylobacter infection. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2018. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
  28. De la Cabada Bauche J, Dupont HL. New developments in traveler’s diarrhea. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2011 Feb;7(2):88-95. Accessed 31 Jul 2019. PMID: 21475415
  29. Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonella: gastrointestinal infection and carriage. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jan 2018. Accessed 30 Jul 2019.
  30. Holtz LR, Tarr PI. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2019. Accessed 30 Jul 2019.
  31. Kelly P. Infectious diarrhea. Medicine. 2019 Jun;47(6):341-346. Accessed 25 Jul 2019
  32. Kim YJ, Park KH, Park DA, et al. Guideline for the antibiotic use in acute gastroenteritis. Infect Chemother. 2019 Jun;51(2):217-243. doi: 10.3947/ic.2019.51.2.217. Accessed 29 Jul 2019. PMID: 31271003
  33. LaRocque R, Harris JB. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-rich settings. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. May 2018. Accessed 30 Jul 2019.
  34. LaRocque R, Harris JB. Cholera: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2018.
  35. LaRocque R, Harris JB. Travelers’ diarrhea clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2018. Accessed 30 Jul 2019.
  36. LaRocque R, Harris JB. Travelers’ diarrhea: microbiology, epidemiology, and prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. May 2018. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
  37. LaRocque R, Pietroni M. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-limited settings. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2018. Accessed 30 Jul 2019.
  38. Morris JG, Horneman A. Aeromonas infections. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jan 2018. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
  39. Morris JG, Horneman A. Plesiomonas shigelloides infections. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2017.
  40. Randel A. Infectious diarrhea: IDSA updates guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 May;97(10):676-677. Accessed 29 Jul 2019. PMID: 29763277
  41. Riddle MS, Connor BA, Beeching NJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers’ diarrhea: a graded expert panel report. J Travel Med. 2017 Apr;24(Suppl 1):S57-S74. doi: 10.1093/jtm/tax026. Accessed 31 Jul 2019. PMID: 28521004
  42. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov;65(12):e45-e80. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix669. Accessed 29 Jul 2019. PMID: 29053792
  43. Tauxe RV. Treatment and prevention of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Mar 2019. Accessed 01 Aug 2019.
  44. The Japanese Association for Infectious Disease/Japanese Society of Chemotherapy; The JAID/JSC Guide to Clinical Management of Infectious Disease/Guideline-preparing Committee, Intestinal Infections Working Group (WG), Ohnishi K, Ainoda Y, Imamura A, et al. JAID/JSC guidelines for infection treatment 2015 – intestinal infections. J Infect Chemother. 2018 Jan;24(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.09.002. Accessed 30 Jul 2019. PMID: 28986191
  45. Department of Health (DOH), San Lazaro Hospital, and Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. The CPG on the management of acute infectious diarrhea in children and adults. DOH. https://www.doh.gov.ph. 06 Sep 2019.
  46. Shaikh H, Lynch J, Kim J, Excler JL. Current and future cholera vaccines. Vaccine. 2020 Feb 29;38(Suppl 1):A118-A126. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.011. Accessed 26 Mar 2020. PMID: 31879125
  47. World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Global Guidelines. Probiotics and prebiotics. WGO. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org. Feb 2017.
  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for the management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov. 29 Jan 2019.
  49. Chieng JY, Pan Y. The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in adult gastrointestinal health. Gastroenterol Hepatol Lett. 2021;3(2):5-12. doi: 10.18063/ghl.v3i2.278.
  50. Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (PSMID). Philippine clinical practice guideline for acute infectious diarrhea. PSMID. https://www.psmid.org. Jul 2022.
  51. Fleckenstein JM. Approach to the patient with suspected enteric infection. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024. 262, 1868-1872.e1. Accessed 31 May 2024:262, 1868-1872.e1.
  52. Kelly P, Hodges P. Infectious diarrhoea. Medicine. 2024 Apr 1;52(4):197-203. https://www.clinicalkey.com.
  53. Nemeth V, Pfleghaar N. Diarrhea. (Updated 2022 Nov 21). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.