Vitiligo References

Last updated: 12 November 2024
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  1. Al-Khawajah MM. Photochemotherapy for vitiligo: seven years experience at a university hospital. Ann Saudi Med. 1997;17:175-178. PMID: 17377425
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  7. Natta R, Smosak T, Wisuttida, et al. Narrowband ultraviolet B radiation therapy for recalcitrant vitiligo in Asians. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:473-476. PMID: 12963911
  8. Lepe V, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP, et al. A double- blind randomize trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Arch dermatol. 2003;139:581-585. PMID: 12756094
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  10. Spencer JM, Nossa R, Ajmeria J. Treatment of vitiligo with the 308-nm excimer laser: a pilot study. J Am Dermatol. 2002;46:727-731. PMID: 12004315
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  18. Kawakami T, Hashimoto T. Disease severity indexes and treatment evaluation criteria in vitiligo. Dermatol Res Pract. 2011;2011:750342. doi: 10.1155/2011/750342. PMID: 21747840
  19. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). Vitiligo. NIAMS. https://www.niams.nih.gov/. Jun 2014.
  20. Taieb A, Alomar A, Böhm M, et al; Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF); European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV); Union Europe´enne des Me´decins Spe´cialistes (UEMS). Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Jan;168(1):5-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11197.x. PMID: 22860621
  21. Bibeau K, Pandya AG, Ezzedine K, et al. Vitiligo prevalence and quality of life among adults in Europe, Japan and the USA. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Oct;36(10):1831-1844. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18257. PMID: 35611638
  22. Böhm M, Schunter JA, Fritz K, et al. S1 Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of vitiligo. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022 Mar;20(3):365-378. doi: 10.1111/ddg.14713. PMID: 35246935
  23. ClinicalKey: Elsevier Point of Care. Clinical overview: Vitiligo. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com. 24 Mar 2021.
  24. Eleftheriadou V, Atkar R, Batchelor J, et al; British Association of Dermatologists’ Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;186(1):18-29. doi: 10.1111/bjd.20596. PMID: 34160061
  25. Hariharan V, Klarquist J, Reust MJ, et al. Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone and 4-tertiary butyl phenol activate markedly different physiological responses in melanocytes: relevance to skin depigmentation. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Jan;130(1):211-220. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.214. PMID: 19657355
  26. Ludmann P. Vitiligo: Diagnosis and treatment. American Academy of Dermatology Association. https://www.aad.org/. 25 May 2023.
  27. Perez-Bootello J, Cova-Martin R, Naharro-Rodriguez J, et al. Vitiligo: pathogenesis and new and emerging treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec;24(24):17306. doi: 10.3390/ijms242417306. PMID: 38139134
  28. Qi F, Liu F, Gao L. Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of vitiligo: A review. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov;12:790125. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790125. PMID: 34868078
  29. Ryguła I, Pikiewicz W, Kaminiów K. Novel Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of dermatologic conditions. Molecules. 2023 Dec;28(24):8064. doi: 10.3390/molecules28248064. PMID: 38138551
  30. Seneschal J, Speeckaert R, Taïeb A, et al. Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: Position statement from the International Vitiligo Task Force-Part 2: Specific treatment recommendations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Nov;37(11):2185-2195. doi: 10.1111/jdv.19450. PMID: 37715487
  31. van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Taïeb A, et al. Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: Position statement from the International Vitiligo Task Force Part 1: towards a new management algorithm. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Nov;37(11):2173-2184. doi: 10.1111/jdv.19451. PMID: 37746876
  32. Ahmed jan N, Masood S. Vitiligo. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559149/. 07 Aug 2023.
  33. Al-smadi K, Imran M, Leite-Silva VR, et al. Vitiligo: A review of aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and psychosocial impact. Cosmetics. 2023;10(3):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10030084. Accessed 04 Oct 2024
  34. Kang C. Ruxolitinib Cream 1.5%: a review in non-segmental vitiligo. Drugs. 2024 May;84(5):579-586. doi: 10.1007/s40265-024-02027-2. PMID: 38625661
  35. Frączek A, Kasprowicz-Furmańczyk M, Placek W, et al. Surgical treatment of vitiligo. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr;19(8):4812. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084812. PMID: 35457678
  36. Grimes P. Vitiligo: management and prognosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 21 Feb 2024.
  37. Grimes P. Vitiligo: pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 13 Feb 2024.
  38. Hu W, Xu Y, Ma Y, et al. Efficacy of the topical calcineurin inhibitors Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo in infants under 2 years of age: a randomized, open-label pilot study. Clin Drug Investig. 2019 Dec;39(12):1233-1238. doi: 10.1007/s40261-019-00845-x. PMID: 31522334
  39. Ju HJ, Han JH, Kim MS, et al; Korean Society for Vitiligo and the Korean Society for Photomedicine. The long-term risk of lymphoma and skin cancer did not increase after topical calcineurin inhibitor use and phototherapy in a cohort of 25,694 patients with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Jun;84(6):1619-1627. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.06. PMID: 33508387
  40. Kubelis-López DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Said-Fernández SL, et al. Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021 Aug;22(2):797. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10229. PMID: 34093753
  41. Li P, Chen B, Li J, et al. 308-nm excimer lamp with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment is safe and effective to treat children with non-segmental vitiligo. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022 Dec;39(6):1116-1122. doi: 10.5114/ada.2022.122606. PMID: 36686005
  42. Post NF, Ezekwe N, Narayan VS, et al. The use of lasers in vitiligo, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Jun;36(6):779-789. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18005. PMID: 35176186
  43. Richard E. Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) photochemotherapy. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 01 Dec 2022.
  44. Prajapati VH, Lui H, Miller-Monthrope Y, et al. Canadian consensus guidelines for the management of vitiligo. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2025 Jun;15(6):1351-1369. doi: 10.1007/s13555-025-01402-5. PMID: 40253664
  45. Tsao H, Alexis AF. Vitiligo: pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 06 Mar 2025.
  46. Tsao H, Alexis AF. Vitiligo: management and prognosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 05 Jun 2025.